India-China Relations: Xi Jinping Calls for ‘Elephant-Dragon Tango’ on 75th Anniversary

China and India, two of the world’s most populous nations and emerging global powers, marked the 75th anniversary of their diplomatic ties on April 1, 2025. On this occasion, Chinese President Xi Jinping sent a message to Indian President Droupadi Murmu, emphasizing the need for both nations to strengthen cooperation and coexist peacefully. Xi described their relationship as a “Dragon-Elephant tango,” symbolizing the harmony that can be achieved if the two Asian giants work together.

This message comes at a crucial time as the two countries attempt to ease tensions after their 2020 border clash in the Himalayas. The conflict strained bilateral relations, leading to heightened military presence along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). However, in recent months, both sides have shown signs of willingness to mend ties through diplomatic channels, trade negotiations, and military de-escalation talks. Xi’s statement suggests that China is keen to reset relations and focus on mutual growth rather than confrontation.

The Symbolism Behind the "Dragon-Elephant Tango"

The metaphor used by Xi Jinping is significant. The dragon, representing China, is often associated with power, strength, and agility, while the elephant, symbolizing India, is known for wisdom, resilience, and stability. A “tango” between these two creatures implies coordinated movement, mutual understanding, and balance. It suggests that despite historical differences and strategic competition, both nations can find ways to collaborate and coexist peacefully.

The use of such a phrase highlights China’s willingness to shift the narrative from rivalry to cooperation. While the two nations have had their fair share of disputes, including border conflicts and trade tensions, they also share common interests in global economic growth, climate change, and regional security. By invoking the image of a harmonious dance, Xi is signaling an intent to steer the relationship toward a more constructive future.

Historical Background: India-China Relations Over 75 Years

India and China formally established diplomatic ties in 1950, making India one of the first non-communist countries to recognize the People's Republic of China. The relationship saw initial warmth, but tensions soon emerged, culminating in the 1962 Sino-Indian war over border disputes. Since then, despite several attempts to normalize relations, border tensions have remained a persistent issue.

In the 21st century, economic ties have significantly grown, with China becoming India’s largest trading partner for a period. However, political disputes, military standoffs, and India’s growing strategic ties with the West have periodically caused friction. The 2020 Galwan Valley clash was one of the worst border incidents in decades, further deteriorating trust between the two nations.

Despite these challenges, diplomatic and trade relations have continued. Both nations have engaged in various dialogues to maintain stability, and recent signs suggest an effort to rebuild trust.

Xi’s Call for Peace and Cooperation

In his message, Xi Jinping stated that China and India should work towards peaceful coexistence and deepen communication on international affairs. This statement aligns with recent diplomatic efforts by both sides to de-escalate border tensions and foster economic cooperation.

Xi’s emphasis on border peace is particularly important given the history of disputes. The Himalayas have long been a point of contention, with multiple military stand-offs occurring over the years. His call to “jointly safeguard peace in border areas” suggests that China is open to negotiations and conflict resolution mechanisms to prevent further clashes.

India, on its part, has also expressed interest in maintaining stability. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government has taken a cautious but pragmatic approach, balancing national security concerns with economic engagement. Trade between the two countries has remained strong despite geopolitical differences, showing that economic interdependence is a crucial factor in their relationship.

Economic Ties: A Key Factor in Future Cooperation

One of the most significant aspects of India-China relations is their economic engagement. China is a major supplier of electronic goods, industrial machinery, and pharmaceuticals to India, while India exports pharmaceuticals, textiles, and IT services to China.

Despite past calls for reducing dependency on Chinese imports, trade between the two nations has remained robust. In fact, China continues to be one of India’s top trading partners, with bilateral trade crossing $125 billion in recent years.

If both countries can find common ground on economic policies, they could unlock immense growth potential. Collaboration in sectors like green energy, technology, and infrastructure could benefit both economies, creating a win-win situation.

Challenges Ahead: Trust Deficit and Strategic Rivalry

While Xi’s message reflects a desire for better ties, deep-rooted challenges remain. The trust deficit between India and China, especially after the 2020 border clashes, will not be easy to overcome. India’s increasing alignment with the US, Quad partnership (with the US, Japan, and Australia), and focus on self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) indicate a strategic caution in dealing with China.

Additionally, China’s growing influence in South Asia, including investments in Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, has raised concerns in New Delhi. India views China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) with suspicion, as several projects run through disputed territories.

Security concerns also extend to the Indian Ocean, where China has expanded its naval presence. India, in response, has strengthened ties with regional partners to counterbalance China’s growing influence.

Conclusion: Can the Dragon and Elephant Truly Dance?

The future of India-China relations will depend on how both nations navigate their differences while leveraging their common interests. Xi Jinping’s call for a “Dragon-Elephant tango” is an optimistic vision, but turning this metaphor into reality will require consistent diplomatic efforts, trust-building measures, and economic cooperation.

India and China stand at a crossroads. They can either let past conflicts dictate their future or choose a path of engagement and mutual growth. The next few years will be critical in shaping the trajectory of their relationship, and only time will tell whether the two Asian giants can truly find harmony in their dance.